Bill introduced to expand Supreme Court to 13 justices

WASHINGTON (CNS) — Less than a week after President Joe Biden signed an executive order announcing the formation of a commission to look into possible reforms to the Supreme Court, congressional Democrats are moving ahead with introducing legislation to expand the court from nine to 13 justices.

The Democratic bill to be introduced on the Supreme Court steps April 15 is led by Sen. Ed Markey of Massachusetts and Rep. Jerry Nadler of New York, the chair of the House Judiciary Committee. It is co-sponsored by Reps. Hank Johnson of Georgia and Mondaire Jones of New York.

The group planned to stress historic precedent for Congress to determine the number of justices on the nation’s high court.

The Supreme Court’s website says the “Constitution places the power to determine the number of justices in the hands of Congress,” and notes that the first Judiciary Act in 1789 set the number of justices at six with one chief justice and five associates.

“Over the years, Congress has passed various acts to change this number, fluctuating from a low of five to a high of 10,” the site says. “The Judiciary Act of 1869 fixed the number of Justices at nine and no subsequent change to the number of justices has occurred.”

Biden’s April 9 announcement said a 36-member-commission, of mostly law school professors, would be looking into the idea of expanding the court or instituting term limits for justices. It includes two professors from law schools at Catholic universities.

The group is to spend 180 days studying potential changes to the court, holding public meetings and writing up a report at the end. The members were not charged with making a formal recommendation, but instead are to provide an overview of the pros and cons of making changes to the nation’s high court.

The White House statement on the commission said its purpose is “to provide an analysis of the principal arguments in the contemporary public debate for and against Supreme Court reform, including an appraisal of the merits and legality of particular reform proposals.”

Biden first mentioned the idea of this type of commission during the presidential campaign last fall after the death of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and her replacement on the bench was quickly filled by Justice Amy Coney Barrett making the court comprised of six justices nominated by Republican presidents.

Although he didn’t often directly respond to questions about expanding the court, Biden has said he is “not a fan” of adding additional seats as a means to provide more of an ideological balance.

In an interview with Norah O’Donnell on CBS’s “60 Minutes” last fall, he said: “The last thing we need to do is turn the Supreme Court into just a political football, whoever has the most votes gets whatever they want. Presidents come and go. Supreme Court justices stay for generations.”

The commission reviewing the court is chaired by Bob Bauer, former White House counsel and professor and distinguished scholar in residence at New York University School of Law, and Cristina Rodríguez, former deputy assistant attorney general and professor at Yale Law School.

The Catholic law school professors in the group are Caroline Fredrickson, a visiting professor at Georgetown University’s Law School, and Michael Ramsey, law professor at the University of San Diego.

Fredrickson is a senior fellow at the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University Law School and the former president of the American Constitution Society which describes itself on its website as a leading legal progressive organization. Ramsey has written several books and scholarly articles on the courts and law.

After the commission was announced, Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell criticized it in a statement saying it was “a direct assault on our nation’s independent judiciary and another sign of the far-left’s influence over the Biden administration.”

The commission’s announcement also has drawn attention to the potential retirement of Justice Stephen Breyer, 82.

Just three days before the Biden announcement, Breyer gave a speech at Harvard Law School in which he warned against making big changes to the Supreme Court, including adding more justices to the bench. He said the court’s authority relies on a trust “guided by legal principle, not politics” and added that advocates proposing changes should think “long and hard” about it.

In an April 9 news conference, White House press secretary Jen Psaki said the president will wait for the commission to finish its work before weighing in about the court’s size.

Adding to the number of Supreme Court justices, which has been nine since just after the Civil War, would require congressional approval.

Richard Garnett, law school professor at the University of Notre Dame and director of the university’s Program on Church, State and Society, commented on Twitter April 10 that it was no surprise he was not invited to serve on the president’s commission reviewing the court.

“If asked, I’d strongly support a mandatory retirement age for all non-elected public employees (including Article III judges … and professors!)” he tweeted.

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